Marina G. Sergeeva

In the context of ongoing educational transformations, the tasks and functions of the faculties of higher education institutions are becoming more complex, which entails the need to change the methodological support of the educational process. The implementation of new approaches to the organization of methodological activities in higher education is associated, first of all, with the degree of expression of the methodological competence of an individual teacher. Therefore, various aspects of the phenomenon of a teacher’s methodological competence at a modern university are one of the significant subjects of scientific research. The aim of the article is to theoretically substantiate the concept of "methodological competence of a higher education teacher" in the context of the existing educational environment and its structure. The consideration of the methodological competence of a teacher of the higher education system was preceded by a retrospective analysis of domestic and foreign articles in the field of professional competence, a particular manifestation of which is methodological competence. As the main results of the study, a modern view on the concept of "methodological competence of a higher education teacher" is presented from the position of a functional approach, taking into account the integral essence of professional competence and practical significance. A model of the structure of methodological competence is also proposed, including components (gnoseological, praxeological and axiological) and four levels described using universal descriptors. These universal descriptors can be refined based on current requirements for the content of methodological competence. In our opinion, it should be expressed in the language of particular methodological competencies or competences. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that the interpretation of the methodological competency of a university teacher in relation to today's realities serves as the basis for solving the problem of identifying or updating the organizational-pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical conditions for its formation. The study is also significant from a practical point of view, since the developed model of the methodological competency structure can be used by educational organizations of the additional professional education system when working out programs aimed at improving methodological activities, as well as for intra-university monitoring of its effectiveness.

Under the influence of modern information technologies, higher education has entered the era of digital education. Traditionally accepted relationships in the university, when a student is an object, and a teacher is a subject of the educational process, are being questioned. The structure of interaction and relationships between teachers and students at universities is changing. If earlier the interaction between a teacher and a student was limited by space and time, then in the era of digital information education these restrictions can be eliminated. There was also distance learning (through paper letters, videotapes, etc.) before the widespread use of the Internet, however, such education was episodic, one-sided and could neither replace nor fully complement traditional classroom-based higher education. However, today the situation has changed, and this issue is relevant to consider not only from the point of view of new educational methods, but also from the position of changing the nature and direction of communication between students and teachers as the main participants in the educational process. The aim of the article is to describe in detail the characteristics of changes, technological achievements and trends in the development of interaction between participants in the educational process at a university in the era of digital education. This article is of a theoretical nature. It uses systemic, cultural-historical and communicative approaches. The results of the study suggest that the choice of electronic educational environments requires a clear correlation with the format of pedagogical activity and its targets. Moodle demonstrates the greatest efficiency in the framework of systemic training designed for a long term; the platform provides detailed control of students' academic achievements and structured accumulation of educational analytics. In turn, Zoom is suitable for organizing synchronous classes: online lectures and seminars, where immediate exchange of opinions between participants is important. Theoretical significance of the work. The article contributes to understanding the functional characteristics of digital educational platforms in the context of transforming interaction between students and teachers today. Practical significance of the work. The results of the study can be useful for updating university programs through the targeted implementation of technologies for adjusting pedagogical approaches taking into account the synergy of asynchronous and synchronous formats, and for improving the quality of distance learning. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the work examines the specific features of interaction between teachers and students in digital environment in the context of the present time using specific examples.

The professional standard "Teacher" describes a number of new labour functions, labour actions carried out within the teacher's activity framework. Modern teachers do not always perform all the required new functions and actions, so their compensatory education is now organized in educational institutions of additional professional education. The aim of the article was to present the structure of the teacher's professional subjectivity development system in an educational organization of additional professional education. The main approaches in our research were the study of literary sources on the chosen topic and the definition of the component characteristics of the teacher's professional subjectivity development system. The article results in the presentation of the main structural elements of the teacher's professional subjectivity development system in the educational organization of additional professional education: 1 – the coordination component involves the organization of long-term planning; 2 – the research component is aimed at conducting research on the professional needs of teachers, missing competences, and the peculiarities of teachers' professional subjectivity; 3 – the experiential component is aimed at conducting teacher training within the framework of advanced training courses, organizing the development of a student's own individual educational vector; 4 – expert component involves an analytical review by the tutor of the educational organization of additional professional education and by the trained teacher of the levels of teacher’s professional subjectivity, comparing their characteristics at the first and last stages of training. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the examination of significant research by domestic, American and Canadian researchers on the problems of continuing professional education, issues of professional subjectivity and its development. The practical significance consists in identifying the main characteristics of the teacher's professional subjectivity development in an institution of additional professional education.

Economic processes are inseparable from the life of each person, therefore it is so important to form economic culture in students who, sooner or later, depending on their age and course of study, embark on the path of making independent economic decisions. In order to make rational economic decisions that are beneficial both to themselves and to the state of which they are members, it is necessary to develop a culture of this kind of activity. Ultimately, the dynamism and sustainability of the development of the economy of the entire state will depend on the degree of development of the economic culture of citizens. Therefore, teachers face the difficult task of economic education and enlightenment of the Russian student community. The aim of our article was to study and analyze the views of domestic and foreign authors on the essence of the concepts of "culture" and "economic culture", to determine the structural elements of the latter and to generalize the characteristics of its formation in university students. The study of the problem was carried out using such methods as analysis, synthesis, and generalization. The analysis of domestic and foreign literary sources allowed us to identify the essential characteristics of economic culture, its components, and, on their basis, to formulate the authors’ original definition of this concept. Besides, our study resulted in summarizing the characteristic features of the process of economic culture formation among students in the system of higher education. The theoretical significance of the article lies in the analysis of the views of domestic and foreign authors on the essence of the concepts of "culture" and "economic culture", the definition of its structural elements. The practical significance is in the generalization of the characteristic features of the formation of economic culture among students of higher educational institutions, which must be taken into account by teachers when developing and implementing educational programs, as well as extracurricular work with students. Among them, the following were identified: continuity and consistency, basic economic disciplines that form the core of the educational process, interdisciplinary approach, active learning, integration of theoretical knowledge with practical experience, the influence of digital literacy and international cooperation, the significant role of teachers and educational programs, regular assessment of results.

New standards of professional activity for teachers of various specialties establish a demand for teachers of the general education level to master a system of modern professional knowledge, skills, abilities, and competences. This system is innovative; however, not all elements of this system (professional competences, professional knowledge, etc.) are fully formed in teaching staff. The activities of educational organizations of the additional professional education system are aimed at their formation through the development of additional professional programs for advanced training, diagnostics of professional teachers’ deficiencies, organization of appropriate training, implementation of individualization of teacher education, etc. It is important to include a teacher in training, in which he/she is the subject of his/her educational activity, relying on his/her own professional subjectivity. The aim of this article is to present the specifics of the professional subjectivity of a teacher through the description of its main functions: motivation, organization, reflection. The basic foundations in our study were: evaluation of scientific sources on this issue and identification, description of the functions of the professional subjectivity of a teacher. The article resulted in the identified and described functions of the professional subjectivity of a teacher. The motivation function involves initiating activity, self-motivation for educational activities in an educational organization of additional professional education. The function of organizing the educational activities of a teacher in an educational organization of additional professional education is realized in a situation where a teacher independently develops his/her own educational activities and controls them. The reflection function is ensured by performing the procedure of comparing the set goal and the obtained result of the educational activities of a teacher in an educational organization of additional professional education. The theoretical significance of the study lies in identifying and defining the specifics of the professional subjectivity of a teacher. The practical significance of the article lies in creating characteristics of the main functions of the professional subjectivity of a teacher.