Ключевое слово: «energy»

The global solar photovoltaics market is one of the fastest growing among the branches of modern industry. Currently, dye-sensitized solar cells are of great interest. One of the most modern and promising representatives of the third generation of solar cells are the Gretzel cells or electrochemical photovoltaic cells based on titanium dioxide. Combining relative ease of manufacture and environmental friendliness, they act as an analogue to solar photovoltaic panels using wafer-based crystalline silicon technology. Silicon solar cells account for 90% of the current global production of modern photovoltaic panels. But their main disadvantage is the high toxicity of production and extremely expensive disposal, and a solar cell based on Gretzel cells is ready to solve these problems [1].

This work aims to provide general information about the history of nuclear energy development by examining the characteristics of this industry at its inception and at present. It considers the main types of reactors, the basic principles of nuclear power plants, the advantages and disadvantages of this industry, as well as public attitude to this sector. Additionally, the project aims to identify common fears and stereotypes about nuclear energy through a social survey, examine their relationship to real risks, and dispel them from a scientific perspective. Nuclear energy is one of the leading areas of energy production today, and can be among the safest methods of producing energy. However, due to certain incidents, this industry has been subjected to many stereotypes, and society has treated it with contempt.

The paper presents an overview of the phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity, which was first discovered in 1986. It describes the most significant achievements, including the overcoming of the liquid nitrogen temperature threshold (77 K) in cuprate superconductors and the achievement of record-breaking critical temperatures in high-pressure hydrides. The paper also discusses the main obstacles to the practical application of high-temperature superconductivity, such as the lack of a unified theoretical model, technical challenges in producing materials with the desired mechanical and electrical properties, high costs, and requirements for cooling systems. Further research is being conducted to find substances that can superconduct at room temperature and normal pressure, and areas where a breakthrough in HTS could lead to significant technological effects, such as energy, transportation, medicine, and information technology.